Procedure for obtaining and benefits of Icelandic citizenship

My brother has been working as a programmer in Iceland for quite some time. Initially, it was a regular exchange under a student program. After graduating from university, the management of the company where he worked offered him permanent employment. All this automatically entailed the need to obtain Icelandic citizenship. Only after this will it be possible to purchase real estate and formalize an official relationship with his girlfriend. In this article I want to describe in detail the process of obtaining Icelandic citizenship. I will answer questions such as:

• Basic information on citizenship;
• Main concepts;
• What can you get after obtaining citizenship?
• Legal aspects of citizenship;
• Options for obtaining citizenship;
• Design features.

Main information on citizenship

Iceland is officially part of the European Union. This gives citizens of the country the right to easily move throughout all countries of this union without a visa or special permission.

This rule also applies to Russians if they have received citizen status. Many people seek to do this through Iceland to obtain European citizenship. This is very convenient, since it is here that it is easier to obtain citizenship than in other countries.

Modern legislation of the Russian Federation is quite loyal to obtaining citizenship in another country.

No one is prohibited from changing citizenship or moving to another state. For any person, this is an ideal opportunity to change the environment or make quite serious changes in life.

A person who has obtained citizenship of another country must notify the authorities about this factor. In particular, the Federal Migration Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. If you neglect this rule, you may face administrative and even criminal liability. Concealing information about dual citizenship is prohibited by modern legislation.

An exception to this situation is the intention, after obtaining citizenship, to visit Russia for periods of no more than 30 days. In this case, you can do without notification.

Basic Concepts

Before describing in detail the essence of registration of Icelandic citizenship, it is worth studying the basic concepts of this issue. Here's what you need to know:

1. Dual citizenship means being a citizen of two states at the same time. A person in such a situation has the rights and obligations of both countries.
2. Permanent residence – obtaining the right to permanent residence in the territory of the state whose citizenship is acquired.
3. Icelandic citizenship. Obtaining citizenship of the selected country. After this, the person is endowed with all the rights granted here, and also undertakes to comply with the established legislation.
4. Resident. This is not a citizen of Iceland, but a person who has the right to permanently reside in the country, on the basis of which he is endowed with certain privileges and responsibilities. In particular, it automatically becomes a tax resident.

Becoming an Icelandic citizen is not difficult. This state is home to a small population.

Each request for citizenship is considered solely on an individual basis. The applicant must provide reasons for granting citizenship.

How to obtain citizenship in Iceland: obtaining a residence permit and an Icelandic passport

Iceland can rightfully be called the most fabulous and cozy northern country, which occupies an entire island in the Atlantic Ocean. The people here are hospitable, friendly, and live like one big family. And this is not surprising, because the country's population is only 330,000 people. The climate here is as mild as the northern location of the country.

People who are tired of huge cities and want to live in a quiet place with incredibly beautiful nature will be happy to find themselves in Iceland. In this article we will look at how to become a citizen of Iceland and stay here forever.

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Ways to obtain citizenship

The state's immigration policy is quite strict, so you will have to make a lot of effort to achieve your cherished goal - to become a full member of Icelandic society. People who fulfill one of the following conditions can apply for a permanent residence permit :

• finding an official job on the territory of the state;
• entering into an official marriage with a citizen of Iceland;
• birth on the territory of the state (one of the parents must be a citizen of Iceland);
• admission to one of the higher educational institutions of the country;
• the presence of property on the territory of the state.

Reference. To obtain Icelandic citizenship it is not necessary to renounce your native one. Since 2003, the country's government decided to allow dual citizenship.

So, let's look at each method in more detail.

Employment and starting a business

Not the most common method, since there is enough labor in the country . Typically, employment of foreigners in Iceland occurs at the invitation of the employer, if he needs you.

To do this, of course, you need to be a professional in your field. You can also try to get a position that does not require high qualifications, if there is a shortage of workers in this field among the local population.

The most in-demand professional areas on the Icelandic labor market :

• Agriculture;
• fishing;
• construction;
• industrial production;
• engineering of various directions.

The average salary in the country ranges from 3 to 5 thousand dollars . Naturally, it will depend on qualifications, the chosen professional field and the position held.

If you have a special business idea that seems attractive and useful to the local authorities, you will be allowed to apply for a multiple visa. It will last as long as your business operates.

Naturally, various checks from special services will await you. True, there are some restrictions in starting a business for people who are not citizens of the European Union.

For example, you cannot engage in fishing, the energy industry and aviation.

After 7 years of work on the territory of the Icelandic state, you can apply for citizenship.

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Birth and marriage

Starting a family with a native Icelander is quite common among foreigners. This is a strong argument when applying for citizenship. But here certain conditions must be met :

• The Icelandic spouse must have been a citizen of the country at the time of marriage registration for at least five years;
• To obtain citizenship, the second spouse must also live in the state for five years, four of which must be spent in an official marriage.

Studies

Like employment, it is not the most popular way to obtain citizenship in Iceland. There are only 7 higher education institutions on the island. But the education here is generally good. Education at local universities is conducted in Icelandic and English. What you need to do to enroll in one of the universities in Iceland :

• pass an exam on your knowledge of Icelandic or English (depending on what language is taught at your department);
• pass the necessary entrance exams to the chosen university;
• pay for the first year of study;
• collect the necessary package of documents (to be specified at the specific university) along with a receipt for tuition fees;
• obtain a residence permit based on admission to a local university (obtained at the consulate);
• move to Iceland.

The main difficulty here will be the very fact of admission - entrance exams and submitting documents on time.

Education on the island is paid. It will cost 300–500 euros per year . After continuous residence in the country for 7 years, you can apply for citizenship.

Availability of property on the territory of the state

This point only gives you additional bonuses when considering your application for a residence permit . Buying real estate is good, but it must be supported by some more significant argument: employment or marriage, for example.

Refugee status

Iceland is ready to help those in need if they are truly in danger. Documentation of unlawful persecution in your home country will be to your advantage in this case. Refugees are provided with all the necessary medical care free of charge, as well as assistance with housing and payment of benefits.

To implement all the above methods of obtaining citizenship, you must first obtain a residence permit, live at one of the points in the country for 5 to 7 years (naturalization process), and only then submit an application for citizenship.

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Residence permit in Iceland

Iceland is included in the list of Schengen countries , so to enter its territory you must obtain the appropriate visa. Without it, you will not be able to obtain a residence permit. You must apply for a visa to Iceland at the consular department of the Danish Embassy in the Russian Federation. It seems a little strange, but this is how it happened historically.

After receiving a visa, you will need to collect a certain package of documents to obtain a residence permit.

Required documents:

• foreign passport (original and notarized copies);
• 4 color photographs;
• an extract from your personal account or a certificate of income (confirmation of your financial security);
• medical insurance;
• certificate of no criminal record;
• certificate of availability of a place to live in Iceland.

Also, when submitting documents, you will need to pay a state fee of up to 1000 euros and provide a receipt for payment along with other documents.

Important! All documents must be translated into Icelandic or English and notarized. Otherwise, they may be declared invalid.

To obtain citizenship after 5–7 years of residence in the country, you will also need to provide several documents:

• certificate of absence of tax debts;
• certificate of no criminal record;
• letters of recommendation from Icelandic citizens;
• a document confirming the legality of your current stay in the country.

Benefits of Icelandic citizenship

On the island, the state takes care of its citizens and creates a comfortable social environment and infrastructure for them. The main advantages of Icelandic citizenship :

• visa-free entry into the EU countries;
• highly paid job and decent pension;
• life in an environmentally friendly, safe state.

In fact, many more advantages can be identified, but they will relate less to the presence of citizenship, and to life itself in Iceland . Here we can highlight a mild climate, highly developed technologies being introduced everywhere, pristine nature, friendly people, and good medicine.

Grounds for deprivation of citizenship of a country

State legislation does not automatically imply the revocation of an Icelandic passport . A person can refuse it voluntarily by contacting the Ministry of Justice. The application is considered within 30 days. It is worth noting that such cases almost never occur.

Advantages of formalized citizenship

Obtaining citizenship in a given country opens up the following important advantages for a person:

• Unhindered movement across the numerous islands of Britain and across the states that are part of the European Union;
• Obtaining the opportunity to obtain mandatory pension protection and standard social insurance. This will allow citizens to receive state-assigned pension transfers in due time;
• A person is given the opportunity to receive a high-quality higher education in the country and get a well-paid job.

Iceland is an ideal country to live. A person here is offered everything for a calm and fairly comfortable life.

Naturalization

So, now a little about how to get it. After all, as has already been said, you cannot simply obtain citizenship. There must be good reasons for this. Which ones exactly? How to obtain Icelandic citizenship?

The first method is the so-called naturalization. You are required to live a certain number of years in the country. After this, you can issue an identity card.

How long do you need to live legally (for example, as a working citizen) in the country? Generally speaking, naturalization takes 7 years. But in some cases, benefits are provided. For example, refugees can obtain citizenship after 5 years.

Registration of citizenship

To become a legal citizen of Iceland, a person must apply to the consulate or other competent state authorities operating in the Russian Federation. There are many different methods used to become a citizen:

1. General rules and conditions, as in all other countries.
2. Marriage to an Icelandic citizen.
3. Official adoption. We are talking about a situation where Icelanders are interested in a child from Russia.
4. Having a relative of a citizen of the country.
5. Availability of a profession in demand in Iceland.
6. Investing in the economy and development of a given country.

It is worth knowing that in Iceland there is no provision for obtaining the right to legal residence under a simplified scheme associated with a standard language proficiency exam.

Is dual citizenship allowed?

Many citizens who seek to obtain legal citizenship are interested in whether they can have dual citizenship with the Russian Federation. Today, Russia has no diplomatic ties with this state.

It is for this reason that dual citizenship is not provided here. Moreover, the laws of both states do not prohibit their citizens from having a second primary or additional citizenship.

In other words, while living in the cities of Iceland or Russia, a person automatically falls under the jurisdiction of the state where he is located.

Two schemes for obtaining citizenship

Citizens of the Russian Federation can obtain permanent residence in Iceland in one of two ways:

• According to standard rules. To do this, you will need to live in the country for at least 7 years;
• According to a simplified scheme, if a person has made significant contributions to state enterprises.

There is no other way to obtain legal citizenship. The only additional option is for residents of Iceland to adopt a child from the Russian Federation. There are also other methods of obtaining citizenship and some features associated with them.

Through marriage

Even through marriage it will not be possible to go through the simplified system of obtaining citizenship. In this case, as in other standard situations, compatriots must live in Iceland for at least 7 years.

The reason for this restriction is based on the lack of mutual agreements between the countries. Accordingly, even if a person enters into an official marriage with an Icelander, he will be able to obtain citizenship only under general conditions.

By birth

As in many modern countries, in Iceland the rule is that a child born in the country automatically receives citizenship. If a child is born to Russian citizens in Iceland, he automatically becomes an Icelandic citizen.

The presence of citizenship of a child does not allow parents to obtain citizenship under a simplified scheme. Registration will have to be carried out exclusively on a general basis.

Naturalization

You can go this route only if you have officially resided in the country for 7 years.

The naturalization option is optimal for cases such as:

• Marriage to an Icelander. In this case, the period of living together is at least three years;
• Absence of a registered marriage, but living as one family for at least 5 years;
• The person was born in Iceland, but did not obtain citizenship of another country until he was 18 years old.

All of the above options are relevant only in the complete absence of conflicts with the law and subject to sufficient financial support. You must have a legal source of income and housing. And when submitting documents, it is advisable to provide paper confirming the absence of police records, criminal records and offenses.

Citizenship by Merit

A positive decision when submitting a request for citizenship can be achieved if there are certain merits to the state. Among them are:

1. Legal conscientious residence in the cities of the state for several years.
2. Full payment of due taxes and without delays.
3. Respect for the law, the rules and conditions of being in the country.

An applicant to become a citizen must comply with the laws and honor the traditions of the state.

Procedure for obtaining citizenship

The procedure for obtaining citizenship
To obtain Icelandic citizenship, you need to go through several stages in sequence:

1. Staying in the country on a visa and then obtaining a residence permit (for countries with visa restrictions, for example, the Russian Federation) or immediately obtaining a residence permit based on one of the above criteria.
2. After 4 years of living with a residence permit, obtaining the right to permanent residence (permanent residence). In case of marriage - 3 years, and only 2 years for students.
3. After a total of 7 years of residence in the country, you can apply for citizenship. For citizens of Scandinavian countries - 4 years, in case of marriage - 3 years.

The residence must be continuous: that is, you cannot leave Iceland for more than 90 days (exceptions are possible in special cases).

Where to apply for registration

Issues related to immigration are resolved in Útlendingastofnun, also known as The Directorate of Immigration, or in Russian - Migration Service.

• Address: Dalvegur 18 201 Kópavogu, Reykjavik
• Opening hours: Monday - Thursday: from 9 to 14, Friday: from 9 to 12
• Phone: +354 444 0900
• Email:
• Website:

Required documents

To obtain citizenship you must provide the following documents:

• Application for citizenship. The sample can be found on the website: .
• Passport or other identification document (For example, for children - a birth certificate).
• Health insurance policy with coverage of at least 2,000,000 CZK (~$17,000).
• Papers proving your residence in Iceland (for example, an electricity bill).
• Evidence of financial independence: for example, a certificate from your place of employment. You must demonstrate at least CZK 180,550 per month per family member, or approximately $1,500. This includes providing tax returns for at least 3 years of residence in the country, as well as papers from your municipality proving that you did not receive any social benefits.
• Diploma of completion of a certified Icelandic language course lasting at least 240 hours. More information about Icelandic language courses can be found on the website: .
• Certificate of passing the Icelandic language exam. Persons over 65 years of age are exempt from this requirement. More information about the exam can be found on the website:.
• Letters of recommendation from at least two citizens of the country: for example, from work colleagues or teachers from the university. Letters from the spouse or members of his family are not accepted.
• Certificate of absence of crimes on the territory of Iceland.
• Receipt of payment of state duty.
• Additional documents, depending on the path to obtaining citizenship. (Can be found on the website of the Migration Service:).

Documents not in Icelandic or English must be translated by a certified translator and certified.

The Immigration Office may request additional documents if those already submitted appear to be insufficient.

This list does not include the documents required for the stages preceding citizenship - residence permit and permanent residence.

Cost and terms

The fee for obtaining a residence permit is 15,000 CZK or ~$128. Payment is only possible by direct bank transfer to the account of the Immigration Directorate.

The application for a residence permit is processed within 180 days. It is possible to write a letter to speed up the process in special cases, such as illness of a family member.

For permanent residence, the amount of fees and terms are identical to the residence permit.

The fee for obtaining citizenship is 25,000 CZK (~$213). The average processing time for an application is 6 to 8 months

In what cases can they refuse and what to do next?

Citizenship may be denied if:

• There is no financial independence. The person is unemployed or receives too little salary. Receiving social benefits, such as unemployment benefits, is not encouraged. The citizenship applicant has large loans or has undergone bankruptcy proceedings within the last 5 years.
• Law violation. When committing crimes on the territory of the country, the offender not only cannot claim citizenship, but is also very likely to lose his residence permit and be deported to his homeland. Although the law provides certain concessions for minor crimes.
• Traveling outside the country for a period of more than three months. The exception is cases where a person was forced to perform military service, due to illness or in connection with the work of a spouse.
• Forgery of documents, as well as fictitious marriage.

If the Migration Service refuses to obtain citizenship, you can write an application to Parliament. If the application was also rejected by Parliament, then you can appeal the decision to the Ministry of Justice. OiYM

Documents required for citizenship

If you intend to obtain Icelandic citizenship, you will need to collect and provide the following documents:

• Application drawn up according to the sample. It must be completed in English, Danish and Icelandic;
• Papers that confirm legal presence in the country - marriage certificate or employment contract;
• Receipts showing payment of taxes;
• Letters of recommendation from Icelandic friends.

It is advisable to attach an official identification card or passport to the package of documents. Despite the fact that the national language is Icelandic, citizenship can be obtained by knowing only English.

How to obtain citizenship in Iceland

More and more Russians are trying to move to Iceland.
Our compatriots are attracted by the high standard of living, as well as the state’s plans to join the EU in the near future. Immigration to Iceland is also attractive for Russians because it has a mild climate and financial stability, and wages are many times higher than in their homeland.

Iceland is an island state that is part of the Nordic Union, as well as the Schengen agreement. The country is planning to join the European Union in the near future.

Important facts:

• There are practically no crimes in the state. Local residents often do not even close the doors of their apartments and cars.
• There are no orphanages in the country. There are shelters, but they all have the name “temporary”; children are quickly taken to a new family.
• Icelanders have preserved an ancient tradition of introducing themselves and their father's name.
• There are twice as many sheep in this state as there are people. The owners release them to graze on their own. When the time comes to corral them, owners find the animals by the marks on their ears.
• Iceland is considered one of the smallest countries on the planet, its population is 320 thousand people.
• There are no McDonald's restaurants; the last one operating was closed back in 2008.
• Iceland is not very cold; in winter the temperature rarely drops below – 6 °C.

How difficult is it to move

Immigration here can be very difficult; the government has a closed policy towards visitors. This issue is controlled by a special law, according to which it is not easy to obtain a residence permit and immigrate. Iceland also has a law on the preservation of the nation, which significantly reduces the flow of people from abroad.

Local men and women rarely formalize marriages with foreign citizens.

The affairs of foreigners in Iceland are handled by a special body - the Migration Directorate.

Ways to emigrate

There are several options for allowing a foreigner to move and live here. By using them, you will be able to get citizenship in the future.

Marriage

Trying to get a passport will involve concluding a family union with a local resident, man or woman (Icelander/Khoi). They must be citizens of the state for at least 5 years. In this case, citizenship is issued after 3 years of cohabitation. But there is one condition: the couple must be in a relationship for at least 4 years.

If the marriage is not official, then the passport will be issued after 5 years.

Job

It is problematic for Russian citizens to find employment in Iceland, since priority for employment is given to local residents or citizens of the European Union.

But if a job is found, it is necessary to sign a contract with the company no later than three months, and the employer will contact the trade union and pension fund and register the employee.

After this, the foreigner will receive a work permit from the personnel department of his company.

The Migration and Labor Office will conduct an investigation and find out whether local residents or EU citizens applied for the position obtained by a foreigner.

If a contract is concluded for a period exceeding 90 days, you can confidently submit an application for a residence permit.

Read about how to find a job in Iceland and why it is difficult for Russians to do so here.

Business

Immigrants from other countries can go to Iceland and engage in entrepreneurial activity, but they must take into account that there are restrictions in some industries:

• It is not allowed to engage in fishing on the territory of the republic.
• Local natural resources cannot be used for export.
• In aviation companies, a citizen of another state can have no more than 49% of investments.

To start a business, you need to obtain a permit from the Ministry of Commerce and register with government authorities as a private entrepreneur, LLC or branch. But commercial activity does not give the right to obtain a passport.

To stay here you need to open a business or a multiple visa, and then count on a residence permit.

Investments

Iceland is one of the countries in which those arriving from abroad can invest in the country's economy to simplify the procedure for obtaining citizenship. Russians can invest their money in state-owned companies.

For students

There are few higher educational institutions in the country, there are only 7 of them. Regardless of which university is chosen, the cost of training is the same - 300 euros per year. For foreigners wishing to get an education, there is a mandatory English language test.

Every student arriving from another country and studying in Iceland has the right to obtain a residence permit, but for this it is necessary to provide guarantees of the availability of funds for the given period.

For refugees

Iceland is a state loyal to those persecuted in their homeland. To obtain citizenship you need to contact the Migration Office or the Red Cross. The primary task is to provide evidence of persecution in your state. Suitable for this purpose are lawsuits, doctors' opinions on the removal of beatings, and similar documents.

Having all the necessary papers in hand, refugee status will be granted initially in no more than 3 months; there are practically no refusals.

Refugees are provided with benefits, free medical care, and assistance with housing. After 3 years you can expect to receive a residence permit, and after a five-year period - citizenship.

Legalization procedure

The procedure for applying for an Icelandic passport is a complex process that requires collecting many documents and visiting various institutions.

For Russians, it involves several stages.

Visa

For those planning to immigrate, it is best to open a national rather than a Schengen visa to Iceland. You can obtain documents by contacting the Russian consulate, embassy or visa center. The application is processed quickly, no more than 1–2 weeks.

Read about what types of visas are issued to Iceland in a separate detailed article.

A family of an Icelandic resident can easily obtain a multiple visa, which gives them the right to stay in the country for 5 years.

Residence permit

It is issued in several ways: through marriage, through employment, students, refugees or investment in real estate. It can also be obtained through the family reunification program.

permanent residence

The right to permanent residence is given to an emigrant who has been in the country for 3 years. During this period, you cannot break laws, pay taxes, or integrate into society.

When making a decision, the competent authorities are obliged to ensure the financial well-being of the applicant. After such a check, permanent residence will be allowed.

Citizenship

Only those applicants who have lived in the country for 7 years or more are eligible to apply for it, and were also able to provide a stable basis for a further comfortable life during this period.

Refugees are a separate preferential category of emigrants who have the right to obtain citizenship through a simplified procedure. A similar procedure is provided for children whose parents are Icelandic.

Documentation

For Russians wishing to emigrate and obtain Icelandic citizenship, they must provide:

1. Application of the established form in two copies, completed in English. This can also be done in Danish and Icelandic.
2. A document confirming the legality of your stay in the country (most often this is an employment contract).
3. Tax payment receipt.
4. Letters of recommendation from Icelandic citizens in duplicate (if available).
5. Documents certifying that the applicant has no debts to the state in the form of taxes or a criminal record.
6. Papers on the basis of which the passport was issued (usually a marriage certificate).

Optional, but it is recommended to attach your foreign passport to the package of documents. Any applicant must know the national language at an intermediate level.

Cost and terms

The processing time for an application is 6 months, each one is analyzed strictly individually, so it happens that the whole process lasts for years.

According to the simplified procedure for certain categories, the terms can be 3 months. Obtaining Icelandic citizenship is inexpensive; paying the fee will cost no more than 170 euros. Plus you need to take into account the costs of a notary and translator.

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Basics

Iceland is a member of the European Union. By purchasing a state passport, opportunities open up for unlimited travel throughout the EU countries without visas; obtaining other permits is also not required. For a foreigner who plans to apply for a country passport, you should familiarize yourself with the rules for staying in the country. There are several modes:

Expert opinion

For Russians who have issued a document for permanent residence in the territory of a foreign state, in particular a civil passport, the law on belonging to two states applies.

The rules on the need to notify the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in Russia regarding the presence of a second citizenship also apply to Russians who have received a passport from the Icelandic authorities.

Failure to comply with the requirement to notify the Russian authorities about this entails the imposition of an administrative fine and criminal liability with a sanction of 250,000 to 800,000 rubles. in relation to each case of delay in sending notification of a change in legal status.

This duty must be fulfilled with the utmost care. There is no need to notify the authorities if the period of stay in Russia is no more than 30 days.

Reshetnikov R.N., consultant on migration issues

Source: https://imigrant.online/vyezd/strany/kak-poluchit-grazhdanstvo-v-islandii.html

Important points when registering

As noted above, applications for citizenship in this country are considered strictly individually. It is for this reason that during the registration process you need to take into account important factors:

• During the application process, you must provide substantial grounds for citizenship;
• The information provided must be accurate and reliable. All information provided is subject to lengthy and thorough verification;
• If during the verification process the authorities discover inaccuracies, citizenship will be denied. If the mistakes are significant enough, the person will be forced to leave the country.

The inability to become a citizen under the simplified scheme applies to citizens of those countries with which Iceland has not yet established diplomatic relations and the required agreements. For other applicants who are citizens of friendly countries, the procedure for obtaining citizenship is carried out in a simplified form.

Briefly about the main thing

1. Obtaining citizenship in Iceland for residents of the Russian Federation is available exclusively on a general basis.
2. Icelandic citizenship can be obtained by providing compelling reasons.
3. The main condition for obtaining citizenship is to reside in Iceland for at least 7 years. Except in certain situations.
4. To obtain citizenship you will need to collect certain documents.
5. Citizenship can also be obtained for services to the country. First of all, it is a respectful attitude towards the law and traditions of the country.

Resident card

Migration legislation arose in Iceland no more than fifty years ago. Previously, the state did not complain when citizens had passports from different powers, but since 2003 a law was passed stating that foreigners can obtain Icelandic citizenship without renouncing their original citizenship. In addition, Iceland is considered very friendly to refugees from other countries. This is true, since by providing significant evidence of the need for asylum, a refugee can be guaranteed to be provided with shelter. But in this case, the refugee cannot acquire a residence permit, citizenship or dual citizenship. You can remain in refugee status for three years and then acquire the status of an Icelandic citizen.

You can count on permanent residence only in the following cases:

• moving to open your own business;
• devices for official work;
• when studying in educational institutions of the country;
• purchasing real estate;
• marriage with an Icelandic citizen.